July 2019
Poésie et poétique dialogique dans le prologue du Parménide D’un point de vue formel, le Parménide est unique dans le corpus platonicien. Outre ses particularités stylistiques (Ledger 1989, 164-167), le dialogue comporte un cadre narratif, présenté dans le prologue (126a-130a), d’une exceptionnelle complexité. Le dialogue narré comme forme littéraire relève de la culture orale, alors encore vivace, et des biographies de héros, dont celle de Socrate. Dans le Phédon, Échérate écoute le récit que lui fait Phédon, qui a assisté au dernier entretien de Socrate en prison ; dans le Banquet le récit d’Apollodore repose sur celui d’Aristodème, qui était présent au banquet d’Agathon. Dans le cas du Parménide, la transmission orale est plus complexe encore. Céphale de Clazomènes raconte ce qu’il tient d’Antiphon, lequel à son tour dépend du récit de Pythodore, compagnon de Zénon et non de Socrate, concernant les discussions ayant eu lieu, il y a fort longtemps, entre [...]
Find out moreIl prologo come figura del dialogo intero Nella premessa del commento di Proclo al Parmenide di Platone (I 658.23–659.17 Steel), il filosofo spiega il significato dei proemi dei dialoghi, le scene di apertura nelle quali Platone presenta i personaggi e la conversazione si avvia nella direzione del significato del dialogo in questione. Secondo Proclo la scena iniziale è fondamentale perché presenta un'immagine nella quale il dialogo intero è rappresentato o riflesso (il verbo è eneikonizetai, I 659.10 Steel). Io credo che non sia un caso che tale considerazione generale di Proclo sui dialoghi platonici sia collocata proprio nella premessa del commento al Parmenide, infatti il prologo del Parmenide è in questo senso esemplare e nel mio contributo al Symposium Platonicum di Parigi amerei poterlo argomentare. Quel che vorrei mostrare è che nel prologo del Parmenide siano in nuce raffigurate la prima e la seconda parte del dialogo. Dopo aver [...]
Find out moreLa première antinomie de Parménide, αὐτὰ τὰ ὅμοιά et le étonnement de Socrate Dans la première partie du Parménide, Socrate utilise un très riche vocabulaire pour expliquer comment l'interaction entre les formes et les objets sensibles peut résoudre le paradoxe de Zénon. Parmi les expressions les plus habituelles, telles que αὐτὸ καθ’ αὑτὸ εἶδός, αὐτὰ τὰ γένη, ὁμοιότης et ὃ ἔστιν ἀνόμοιον, le lecteur du Parménide trouve, dans ce qu’on appelle le "long discours de Socrate” (128e5-130a2) l’expression plutôt inhabituelle αὐτὰ τὰ ὅμοιά. La construction n’est pas courante. Dans le contexte de discussions sur les idées, des locutions comme celles-ci, composées d’un adjectif pluriel + αὐτὰ τὰ, se produisent seulement deux fois dans l'ensemble du corpus platonicien, (Phd 74C1: αὐτὰ τὰ ἴσα / Prm.129b1: αὐτὰ τὰ ὅμοιά). Par ailleurs, depuis l’antiquité, les commentateurs et interprètes ont été intrigués par l’usage d’une expression au pluriel pour désigner, apparemment, une idée. Les [...]
Find out moreBeyond the Socratic Dialectic: Parmenidean Methodology in Plato’s Parmenides For the 2019 IPS, I propose to closely examine the second section of Plato’s Parmenides. In particular, I will focus on how it serves as an example of a Parmenidean-style method of inquiry, which follows a “path through all things.” In comparative and contrastive conjunction with Parmenides’ own poem—especially those passages which explicitly refer to the need to follow various “routes of inquiry,” in order to examine “all things”—this project may very well shed light on how certain passages of Parmenides’ own poem might best be understood. Of course, there is risk of anachronism with such speculation. Yet, at the very least, this project may provide further insight into how Plato understood and/or used Parmenides’ work for his own ends—both as a springboard source for this eponymous dialogue, as well as the intention of the dialogue’s second section. Narrative: [...]
Find out moreSind die Ideen wirklich unteilbar? Zur zweifachen Natur ideeller Formen im Ausgang von Prm. 131a–e. In meinem Vortrag möchte ich ausgehend von Prm. 131a5–e7 und unter Einbeziehung weiterer Stellen dieses Werkes sowie Passagen aus anderen Dialogen einen Beitrag zur Beantwortung der Frage liefern, ob und inwiefern es aus der platonischen Perspektive sinnvoll ist, eine „Teilbarkeit“ der Ideen zu behaupten. Die genannte Passage, in der sich die „Segeltuch-Analogie“ befindet, ist im Kontext von Parmenides’ Kritik an der Ideenlehre im ersten Teil des Dialogs angesiedelt. In diesem Teil formuliert Parmenides verschiedene Einwände, die im Ausgang von einigen Kerngedanken der Ideenlehre (Teilhabe-Lehre, Ideen als Vorbilder, Trennung von Ideen und Einzeldingen) im aporetischen Aufweis der Inkonsistenz der von Sokrates vertretenen Theorie kulminieren. Die Einwände gegen die Teilhabe-Lehre basieren auf der Annahme, dass die Ideen in den Dingen, die an ihnen teilhaben, anwesend sein müssen, und zwar entweder in Gänze oder als Teile. Man [...]
Find out moreDialectic in the Parmenides The Parmenides is Plato’s most enigmatic dialogue and, as a consequence, no general agreement has been reached in relation to its philosophical contents and the methodological character of the deductions which constitute the main theme of its second part. In my view this enigmatic character, which has to do, first of all, with Plato’s theory of ideas and the unresolved objections presented in this dialogue against this doctrine as stated in the middle dialogues, is closely related to the no less enigmatic nature of Plato’s concept of dialectic. My proposal will focus on dialectic, but it is impossible to avoid the analysis of the ontological implications of the eight hypotheses (with the appendix), besides those epistemological hints given in the discussion that cannot be neglected in order to evaluate the soundness and even the seriousness of the logic exhibited in Parmenides’ performance. I am completely [...]
Find out moreLa presenza del Parmenide di Platone nel dibattito antico sulla dialettica Nello sviluppo delle molteplici tesi o ipotesi (hypotheseis) sull’uno che Platone presenta nella seconda parte del Parmenide (Parm. 137 C sgg.), viene coinvolta una serie di nozioni che sono esattamente lo strumento mediante il quale è possibile giungere alla conclusione di ciascuna, positiva o negativa che essa sia. Esse sono principalmente le nozioni di totalità, mutamento, identità, somiglianza, uguaglianza, ed altre relative al luogo e al tempo. La particolarità di tale uso sta nel fatto che queste nozioni, indicate esplicitamente come ciò di cui l’uno “è affetto” (paschonton, peponthon) (Parm. 135 E; 140 A; passim), vale a dire come determinazioni che all’uno sono attribuibili, non sono assunte in generale, ma nel loro rapporto col termine a ciascuna opposto. Anzi, è proprio questa forma delle nozioni, cioè il loro essere strutturate in coppie di opposti, ciò che consente il [...]
Find out moreLa exégesis plotiniana de Parménides 131 a-b: el problema de la participación. Platón plantea en Parménides 131 a-b el problema de la participación de las cosas sensibles en las Ideas desde un punto de vista aporético. El argumento se desarrolla de la siguiente manera: si hay ciertas formas de las que participan las cosas sensibles, cabe preguntarse si cada cosa participa de la forma entera o de una parte. Si la forma entera está en cada una de las múltiples cosas manteniendo su unidad, entonces la forma estará simultáneamente en cosas múltiples y separadas. Luego estará separada de sí misma. Sócrates propone la imagen del día para evitar el problema y Parménides la sustituye por la imagen del velo, introduciendo un modo literal de entender el concepto “estar en”. Si una parte del velo está sobre una parte y otra sobre otra, entonces las formas son divisibles en partes [...]
Find out morePlatonis Parmenides, 132a 1 - 132b 1. Contra Vlastos et socios eius De la batterie de difficultés que Parménide soulève en relevant le défi lancé à Zénon de faire remonter au niveau des intelligibles les paradoxes que le jeune par Socrate venait de déjouer en le circonscrivant au domaine des réalités sensibles, celle qu’on lit en 132a 1 - 132b 2 [1] est – sinon la mieux étudiée – du moins la plus discutée [2]. De la pléthore d’études que cette section du dialogue a suscitées, la série de quelque six essais que Gregory Vlastos lui a consacrés est de loin la plus influente ou, à tout le moins, celle qui a donné lieu aux débats quantitativement – sinon qualitativement – les plus significatifs [3]. De fait, à très peu d’exceptions près, la presque totalité de la littérature secondaire sur l’argument évolue dans le cadre arrêté par Vlastos : la plupart des interprètes partagent [...]
Find out moreL’argomento del “terzo uomo” nel Parmenide. Tra i tanti argomenti di primo piano offerto dal Parmenide c’è senz’altro il cosiddetto trìtos ánthropos, di cui altri due versioni si trovano in Rep. 597c1-d3 con il cosiddetto argomento del letto e in Tim. 31a2-b3 con l’argomento dell’idea del cosmo. In genere il trìtos ánthropos è un argomento che ha assunto e ancora continua ad assumere una rilevanza filosofica di eccezionale valore, non fosse altro che per il fatto di essere stato addotto da Aristotele (da qui la denominazione per il suo esempio dell’uomo) in Metaph. 990b17–1079a13, 1039a2 e in Soph. Ref. 178b36 ss. contro la teoria delle idee dello stesso Platone. Per quanto riguarda più strettamente la posizione nel Parmenide innanzitutto sembrano imporsi due coordinate che lo incorniciano: la prima interna al duplice testo del dialogo in una economia peculiare non trascurabile della sua struttura; la seconda esterna di background storiografico, per [...]
Find out moreForms as paradigms in Plato’s Parmenides 132c-d. Proclus’ response to Aristotle’s and Alexander of Aphrodisias’ attacks on the Forms considered as patterns My aim in this paper is threefold. Firstly, to analyze and discuss Proclus’ interpretation of Socrates’ suggestion that “Forms stand fixed as patterns, as it were, in the nature of things; the other things are made in their image and are likenesses” (Parmenides 132d). This analysis will especially focus on Proclus’ explanation of the quality of being a pattern (paradeigmatikon idiōma) and the way in which he construes the role of Forms as paradigmatic causes. Through this analysis I will examine the problems that emerge from the Platonic doctrine that Forms are paradigms and further paradigmatic causes. Secondly, I set out to clarify the main point of Aristotle’s criticism of the Forms as paradigms, in his Metaphysics (where he seems to discuss the problems of methexis with the [...]
Find out moreLa dialectique de Gorgias dans le Parménide de Platon Le procédé développé par Platon dans la deuxième partie du Parménide a suscité étonnement et questions : sa structure aporétique et ses manquements en matière de distinctions et de définitions ne ressemblent pas à la dialectique platonicienne habituelle. Certains critiques ont essayé de comprendre cette étrangeté en renvoyant à une source d’inspiration : en particulier, Luc Brisson explique les aspects archaïques de l’argumentation par le fait que Platon reprenne les Éléates. Ce pourrait être attendu étant donné que Parménide est le principal protagoniste du dialogue et que Platon affirme s’inspirer de la méthode de Zénon pour la « gymnastique » qu’il développe dans la deuxième partie. Mon but est toutefois de révéler une source importante mais que Platon ne mentionne pas, à savoir Gorgias dans son traité Sur le Non-être. Dans ma présentation, je tirerai d’abord parti de parallèles textuels, déjà remarqués par des [...]
Find out more«Parménide» et «Hippias Majeur» : Deux types d’eidos et deux types de participation Dans la première partie de «Parménide», Parménide demande au jeune Socrate comment les choses reçoivent leur part de l’eidos: de tout l’eidos entier ou d’une partie («Et tout ce qui participe d’une idée, participe-t-il de l’idée entière, ou seulement d’une partie de l’idée?» —131a, tr. Victor Cousin). Deux versions possibles de la participation sont présentées dans le dialogue. L’eidos est entièrement dans chacune des choses multiples et séparés, en restant toutefois le même («l’idée une et identique serait à la fois tout entière en plusieurs choses séparées les unes des autres» Prm. 131b). Socrate offre l’exemple d’une ‘jour’ qui, étant le même, se trouve en même temps dans des endroits divers, mais ne se sépare pas de lui-même («comme le jour, tout en étant un seul et même jour, est en même temps dans beaucoup de lieux [...]
Find out moreHow can the objection about independent existence against knowability be solved through mental gymnastics? (Parmenides, 133b-135b) According to the objector, the main reason for someone to reject that the Forms are αὑτὰ καθ᾽αὑτὰ is that, if they were so, they could not be known (133b4-6). However, Parmenides does not regard the difficulty as insurmountable, but as one that requires an expert ‘willing to follow a long remote proof’ (133 b 4-c1; 135a7-b2). Then, it would be an error to believe that due to their being αὑτὰ καθ᾽αὑτὰ, the Forms must be unknowable[1]. In this paper I shall attempt to defend the view that the expression αὑτὰ καθ᾽αὑτὰ in the sense of ‘ontologically self-subsistent’ should not be understood as ‘radically separated’ from ‘the things among us’ or from our intellects (pace Hermann[2]) though this view might sound strange, as we are used to take it so in Aristotle’s writings[3]. Naturally, [...]
Find out moreOusia and dunamis in the greatest aporia (Parm., 133b4-135b4) Carolina Araújo Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa Brazil The so-called “greatest aporia” confronted by Socrates’s theory of forms is an argument presented by Parmenides in Plato’s Parmenides attempting to prove that we cannot know these forms. This paper disputes contemporary interpretations that defend it as a sound and as a serious objection to Socrates. I first indicate that from the start Parmenides has a conception of ousia incompatible with the one proposed by Socrates, and is therefore not able to pose him a real challenge. Then I show that Parmenides is actually defending a relativist theory, which he discloses gradually in replacing ousia with dunamis as a prior explanatory principle. I offer three arguments for the inconsistency of his thesis. I conclude that Parmenides himself is right in pointing out that not to postulate [...]
Find out moreLa “mayor dificultad” y el conocimiento divino en Parménides 133b-134e Parménides describe su última objeción a la teoría platónica de las Formas (133b-134e) como la “mayor dificultad” (133b4: μέγιστον) (MD) de todas las señaladas, la que conlleva las peores consecuencias y una que solo podría ser resuelta por un sujeto especialmente dotado y dispuesto a seguir una “larga y laboriosa demostración” (133b7-c1). Este juicio contrasta, sin embargo, con la extendida interpretación de la objeción como una serie de sofismas. Si este fuera el caso, las palabras de Parménides tendrían un sentido superficial, presentando como difícil un falso problema. En este trabajo quisiera considerar nuevamente la MD tomando tanto en serio las palabras de Parménides como las críticas al argumento. Para esto (I) presentaré los aparentes sofismas del pasaje, (II) intentaré responder a estos considerando la interpretación de quienes defienden la validez del argumento apuntando a la “separación definicional” de los [...]
Find out moreLa μεγίστη ἀπορία de Parménide : enjeux théoriques et issues On sait que la plus grande difficulté (μεγίστη ἀπορία) concernant les formes, que Parménide évoque dans le dialogue qui porte son nom, est relative à la possibilité de les connaître. Si l’on admet que les formes sont complètement séparées des choses, choses qui participent des formes, alors elles ne peuvent pas être connues par les hommes, mais uniquement par les dieux. Aux hommes est réservée la seule connaissance de ce qui est dans le monde (Pl. Prm. 134b). Cette critique est la dernière d’une série de difficultés relatives à la théorie des formes avancées par Parménide, qui peuvent être lues comme l’ensemble des difficultés théoriques à surmonter si l’on veut considérer comme valable la théorie des formes. Dans le Parménide, l’aporie reste apparemment sans issue. La difficulté épistémologique soulevée par Parménide est une constante de la pensée platonicienne, plusieurs fois [...]
Find out moreLa maschera di Parmenide: riduzionismo ed equiparazionismo nella prima parte del Parmenide Una tradizione interpretativa prestigiosa e ancora oggi abbastanza influente considera il Parmenide un punto di svolta della filosofia di Platone, e ritiene che in esso vengano gettate le basi per una sostanziale revisione della teoria delle idee, se non addirittura per un abbandono di essa. Secondo questa tendenza interpretativa, le obiezioni che il personaggio di Parmenide muove alla concezione delle idee avanzata da Socrate (e molto simile a quella esposta nel Fedone, nel Simposio e nei libri centrali della Repubblica) sono filosoficamente consistenti e determinano l’esigenza di riformulare in modo radicale questa concezione o addirittura di abbandonarla. Si tratta di un punto di vista che reputo profondamente sbagliato, sia perché non esamina le obiezioni di Parmenide alla luce dei principali assunti della dottrina platonica, sia perché non valorizza il contesto dialogico in cui tali obiezioni vengono formulate. Alle [...]
Find out moreDiakrisis et Sugkrisis dans le Parménide L’un des intérêts du Parménide est d’offrir un témoignage sur la langue platonicienne de la participation concernant le couple de contraires diakrisis/sugkrisis. Hérité de la physique, ce couple est employé par Platon pour désigner la dialectique non sans une certaine hésitation sur laquelle je voudrais m’interroger. Dans la première partie du Parménide, la séparation ou non-participation est assimilée à ce qu’exprime le verbe « διακρίνεσθαι » (être discriminé, distingué, dissocié) comme en témoigne le passage consacré à l’aporie posée au niveau des Formes (ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς εἴδεσι, 129e2-3). Ce verbe s’oppose à « συγκεράννυσθαι » (être confondu, 129e2), un verbe assimilable à sugkrinein comme en témoigne par exemple le Sophiste (243b5-6). Ce passage du Parménide retient l’attention en raison de son contexte : il concerne l’expression « entrelacée en tous sens (παντοδαπῶς πλεκομένην », 130a1), dans laquelle on reconnaît la métaphore tisserande (la sumplokè) employée pour décrire la dialectique dans le [...]
Find out moreLa strada per l’Accademia : Il protrettico implicito del Parmenide di Platone Alcuni tratti del Parmenide non hanno termini di paragone nel corpus platonico. Anzitutto, un Socrate diciannovenne prova a sconfiggere Zenone sul terreno di quest’ultimo, prima di essere ridotto al silenzio da Parmenide. Come Alcibiade o Teeteto, Socrate è qui rappresentato come un giovane promettente ma inesperto, che sembra essere confutato da una benevola e riconosciuta autorità nel campo della filosofia. All’interno del corpus platonico, quindi, il Parmenide riunisce in sé la data drammatica più antica (agosto del 450) e più recente (probabilmente gli anni ’80 del IV secolo), corrispondenti, rispettivamente, alla scena principale del dialogo e alla cornice introduttiva. Il grosso del testo, circa due terzi del dialogo, consiste sorprendentemente in un esercizio dialettico che pare un rompicapo, battezzato dal suo progenitore come un ‘gioco estenuante’ (πραγματειώδη παίδιὰν 137b2). Tale esercizio può essere inteso come un esame serio [...]
Find out moreReference, Being and Participation. Parm. 160b4-163b5 and the Sophist It has been frequently remarked in the Platonic scholarship that the so-called fifth deduction (D5)[1] of the second part of the Parmenides (160b5-163b6) paves the way for claims and arguments developed in the ontological section of the Sophist[2]. While I believe that there are good reasons to agree with this claim in general, I consider unsatisfactory the attempts made so far to clarify how exactly this preparation is supposed to work. The aim of this paper is to offer a fresh examination of (the main moves of) D5, in order to shed light on its connections with the Sophist. I shall argue that far from providing us with a clear statement of the arguments or the theses spelled out in the Sophist, and in particular of the new qualified meaning of not-being in terms of difference, D5 is meant to [...]
Find out moreIntra-Socratic Polemics. The Parmenides as part of an anti-megaric programme During the last years, there was a strengthening of the Platonic studies in dialogue with the Socratic philosophies. The exam of the extant materials can shed light on the controversies with contemporaries that motivated numerous passages of the corpus. The expansion of the analysis on lines such as the Megarics, Cyrenaics, Antisthenes, Aeschines, among others, allows transposing the mere suggestion of allusions and conduct a study of the tension between the Platonic philosophy and that of its fellow disciples. The Parmenides offers a compelling case for this line of research, especially taking into account the nineteenth-century historiography that considered it as part of a "megaric period" of Plato coinciding with his prolonged stay in Megara, and even led to reject works such as the Sophist, the Parmenides and the Statesman as texts directly written by authors of the Megaric [...]
Find out moreHow the Separation Argument Frames the Method of Hypotheses Parmenides’ third argument problematizing the young Socrates’ theory of forms—the so-called separation argument—is presented in the text as the most devastating of his three arguments against young Socrates and his position. Many attempts have been made to overcome the double problem presented by the argument: that we humans have no knowledge of the forms and that the gods have no knowledge of us and of our affairs. In this paper I will argue that not only are such attempts doomed to failure, they are unnecessary and even unhelpful. Consequently, I will suggest a different tack. I will suggest that our inability to overcome the force of the separation argument is itself a key of sorts for unlocking Parmenides’ method of hypotheses presented in the second half of the dialogue. That is, our attitude towards the hypotheses should not be to [...]
Find out moreSeparation Anxieties. Parmenides 133a-135c There are manifold problems with postulating ἔιδη ὄντα αὐτὰ καθ’ αὑτα, says Parmenides; but the greatest [μέγιστον] among them is that such beings will be unknowable (by us, as it turns out). Why is this the problem that really worries Parmenides? What is he anxious about? What is it about auta kath’auta that generates the difficulty? And what would it take to dispel it? At first it seems that Parmenides’ worry outstrips the difficulty of the puzzle. The elaboration of this greatest difficulty comprises the assertion of basic principles; a ‘test case’ (‘master’ and ‘slave’); and an application to the case of real interest (‘knowledge’ and ‘knowables’). But the crucial flaw is already conspicuous in the initial principles set out, and the application to the test case does nothing to ameliorate it. If we can identify this misstep, we should be able to dispel the [...]
Find out moreDer ferne Gott – Ideen auf Distanz? Die siebte Aporie im Kontext (Plat. Parm. 133b4-135b4) Im Eingang des Platonischen Parmenides berichtet Kephalos von einem Gespräch, das der Parmenides, Zenon, der junge Sokrates und ein junger Mann namens Aristoteles vor langer Zeit miteinander in Athen geführt hätten. In dessen Verlauf entspinnt sich ein Dialog des Parmenides mit Sokrates über die Ideen. Parmenides formuliert dabei sieben als Aporien formulierte Kritikpunkte gegen die These von der absoluten Existenz der Ideen, wie Sokrates sie hier vertritt. Im Fokus dieses Beitrages soll die siebte Aporie des Parmenides stehen, die eng mit der sechsten resp. deren Einleitung verbunden ist: Dort formulierte Parmenides das, wie er sagt, größte Problem: Die Erkennbarkeit der Ideen (Parm. 133b3ff.). Die Widerlegung dieses Kritikpunktes könne nur von einem erfahrenen und fähigen Mann nachvollzogen werden. In der siebten Aporia nun fokussiert Parmenides (erneut) die separate Existenz der Ideen und deren Nicht-Erkennbarkeit. Daraus [...]
Find out moreEn tant que dans le Parménide L’opérateur qua permet d’indiquer sous quel rapport quelque chose est dit de quelque chose d’autre ; il peut être exprimé par exemple par le datif grec ᾗ ou l’expression française « en tant que » (voir Bäck: 1996). Dans sa somme consacrée aux propriétés logiques de cet opérateur, Allan Bäck commence par les Premiers Analytiques d’Aristote et mentionne à peine Platon. Cette omission s’accorde avec l’interprétation de commentateurs comme Grégory Vlastos qui estiment que le type de rapports introduit par l’opérateur en tant que est tout simplement incompatible avec les Formes platoniciennes : puisque une Forme F est supposée être toujours F et jamais non-F (voir, par exemple, Banquet 211a), on voit mal en effet comment elle pourrait être dite F sous un certain rapport et non-F sous un autre (Vlastos : 1981). Même dans le Sophiste où Platon soutient que les Formes sont stables car elles sont [...]
Find out morePrädikationen pros heauto im Parmenides als Aussagen über die Struktur von Ideen Constance Meinwald hat mit ihrer Monographie „Plato’s Parmenides“ (1991) eine neuartige Interpretation des gesamten Dialogs vorlegt, die sich hauptsächlich auf dessen zweiten Teil bezieht. Sie vertritt darin die Auffassung, dass die Konklusionen aller acht Ableitungen im zweiten Dialogteil einander nicht widersprechen, sondern dass mit allen acht Konklusionen von ein und demselben Gegenstand, dem Einen (bzw. der Idee Einheit, to hen), Kompatibles ausgesagt wird. Ihre Argumentation beruht auf der Unterscheidung zwischen zwei Prädikationsarten, Prädikationen in Bezug auf anderes (pros ta alla) und Prädikationen in Bezug auf das Subjekt der Prädikation selbst (pros heauto). Die Unterscheidung sei dazu geeignet, aufzuzeigen, dass die Konklusionen aller acht Ableitungen im zweiten Teil wahre und konsistente Aussagen über denselben Gegenstand enthalten, und sie sollen eine Möglichkeit eröffnen, die Argumente des Dritten Menschen im ersten Teil des Parmenides zu parieren. Der Vortrag geht von Meinwalds [...]
Find out moreThe Problem of Separation in Plato’s Parmenides The Platonic Forms are often characterized as from the sensible objects separately existing entities. The separation is hence one of the most well-known features of Plato’s ontology. In Phaedo, Socrates asserts that the soul as an ontological entity is not the same as the body (Phaedo 80a-b), and the death means the liberation and the separation of the soul from the body (λύσις καὶ χωρισμὸς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ σώματος) (Phaedo 67e-d, 80e). This kind of ontological difference between the sensible and the intellectual world will be repeatedly stressed in Republic (514a ff.) and some other middle dialogues. Nevertheless, it is still controversial if the separation of Forms brings Plato troubles in his later dialogues. In the first half of Parmenides, six arguments are introduced to criticize Plato’s theory of Form. It is remarkable that this passage (Parmenides 130a-134e) begins with the problem of separation, [...]
Find out moreThe Eleatic gymnasia In this paper, I discuss the classical problem about the valence of the exercise recommended by Parmenides to Socrates. In Parm. 135b5-137c3 we find the bridge between the first and the second part of the dialogue, which establishes the educational valence of the method displayed in the second part as an answer to Socrates' aporia in the first part. In these lines, Parmenides said that Socrates should be trained in the method that would make him able to "define the beautiful, the just, the good, and all other ideas", which is dialectic as the method of the hypotheses. But why does dialectics is also depicted as a mere exercise (γυμνασία) of babbling (ἀδολεσχία)? Why should it be beneficial for the young? Is its function just propedeutic, or does it possess an epistemic valence? These questions are not just contextual to the Parmenides. These questions are problematic if [...]
Find out moreLa fuerza dialéctica y la fuerza de postular hipótesis Hay un único punto en el que coinciden los intérpretes antiguos y actuales del Parménides: con la puesta en escena del encuentro entre Zenón, Parménides y un joven Sócrates, Platón ha querido poner en relación 1) la filosofía del eleatismo, 2) la respuesta al monismo eléata que ofrece la concepción platónica de las formas, y 3) las dificultades que las forman plantean a su vez. También hay coincidencia (básicamente porque el texto lo dice de modo explícito) en que la gimnasia dialéctica, que parte de la tesis parmenídea y de su negación, y que atraviesa ocho series de deducciones, debería contribuir de algún modo a encaminarse hacia la solución de las aporías relativas a las formas platónicas. Aquí terminan los acuerdos y comienzan las divergencias interpretativas. No es claro de qué modo se deben interpretar las hipótesis, ni cuál es el [...]
Find out moreLa ὑπόθεσις di Parmenide e la γυμνασία del Parmenide Quella che in Parm. 128d5-6 è indicata come la ὑπόθεσις di Parmenide è presentata in 128a8-b1 mediante l’enunciato [a] ‘ἓν … εἶναι τὸ πᾶν’, cui si accenna successivamente varie volte nella sezione iniziale 127d6-130a2,[1] anche al plurale ‘ἓν ἅπαντα’ in 129b5. Ancora come riferimenti alla stessa ὑπόθεσις vanno considerati alcuni enunciati affini, ricorrenti in altri dialoghi: Un’indagine su tali enunciati può fornire importanti chiarimenti per interpretare la struttura complessiva della γυμνασία del Parmenide (137c4-166c5) e il suo rapporto con la sezione iniziale del dialogo. Un’interpretazione del genere, infatti, deve rispondere ad alcune questioni. (Q1) Qual è l’esatto significato filosofico di [a] e degli enunciati affini? (Q2) Come si spiega, data la costanza di [a] in 127d6-130a2, la problematica soluzione di continuità per cui la γυμνασία – come è esplicitamente detto[2] – verte sulla stessa ὑπόθεσις, ma di questa è considerato solo [...]
Find out morePhilosophizing With Ifs : the Dialectical Challenge of Plato’s Parmenides A common feature of both parts of Plato’s Parmenides is the use of a mode of reasoning originally provided by Zeno’s argument, and subsequently endowed of a dialectical function, widely implemented in the second part of the dialogue. This mode of reasoning takes the form of the reductio ad absurdum, on which, according to Socrates’ analysis (127d6-128b6), Zeno’s argument is based. In its strictest application, the reductio ad absurdum performs a negative purpose, consisting in refuting a hypothesis by exposing the absurd consequences it entails. In the first part of the dialogue, Parmenides shows how this mode of reasoning might be used against Socrates’ claim that there are Forms separated from the many entities partaking of them (128e6-135c2). Yet, in order to explain the manner of training he recommends to Socrates, Parmenides still refers to Zeno’s practice (135d8), just insisting that [...]
Find out moreLa méthode dialectique et le Parménide de Platon Le Parménide de Platon se trouve, de nos jours, dans une situation singulière : considéré comme un dialogue central du corpus Platonicien, son importance théorique reste néanmoins partiellement occultée. Les « difficultés » que rencontre toute personne qui veut analyser cette œuvre sont dues à sa structure complexe. Le dialogue « vrai et propre » s’enchâsse à l’intérieur de trois cadres et est divisé en deux sections liées l’une à l’autre par une « section intermédiaire » ayant une haute valeur philosophique. Comme tout le monde le sait, la première section – prenant la forme d’un dialogue indirect – contient une discussion entre Parménide et Socrate sur la doctrine des Idées, au cours de laquelle trois objections apparemment insolubles sont formulées. La « section intermédiaire », elle, contient la description, par Parménide, d’une méthode pour étudier la vérité. Enfin, la deuxième section, s’étendant sur trente pages de l’édition Stephanus, [...]
Find out moreIndirect Proof in Plato’s Parmenides In Plato’s Parmenides we learn that the purpose of Zeno’s book was to defend the criticisms against his teacher Parmenides. Those criticisms, presumably, were that if to pan is a unity, that is, if the all or the world (whatever you wish for to pan) is one, then many absurdities follow. Zeno’s paradoxes were meant to show the contrary, that if the world is a plurality, even many more absurdities follow. Cornford and his student Raven thought that it was the Pythagorean pluralists whom Zeno was targeting (Cornford, 1939; Raven, 1966). One consequence of Zeno’s attack, argued Cornford, was the separation of arithmetic from geometry (Cornford 1939:60). After Zeno, we have two different approaches to the problem of incommensurables. According to the Greek historian and mathematician Wilbur Richard Knorr, the problem of incommensurables didn’t arise until circa 430 BCE, after Parmenides and Zeno [...]
Find out morePseudo-Objects in a World of Seeming (Parmenides 164b5–165e1) The view that for Plato “being-something-or-other” entails the attribution of being tout court seems to have gained rather widespread acceptance in recent years among authors writing on this topic. This analysis, convincingly presented by Lesley Brown, is confirmed, for instance, by arguments in the Sophist that aim to show that even the predication of not- being entails that the object is a being. Yet it is still an open question whether “being”, predicated absolutely, can be equated with the notion of real existence. One of the main issues, in this respect, relates to the status of unreal objects—a class that includes things such as fictitious objects, illusions, perhaps also things in the past or future. In some contexts, Plato clearly refers to inexistent objects as “things that are not”. But how can we relate, for instance, to the object of an [...]
Find out moreThe Parmenides’ ‘Greatest Difficulty’ and the Origins of Stoic Metaphysics In the last few decades scholars have progressively shown that Plato’s dialogues strongly contributed to the formulation of fundamental tenets of Stoic philosophy (e.g. F. Ademollo, ‘The Platonic Origins of Stoic Theology’, OSAPh 43 (2012), 217-43; A.G. Long, ed., Plato and the Stoics, Cambridge 2013). In this stream of studies, the influence from certain passages of Plato’s Parmenides has been detected (e.g. P. Scade, ‘Plato and the Stoics on Limits, Parts, and Wholes’, in Long 2013, 80-105). In this paper I will show that a specific passage of the dialogue, the so-called ‘greatest difficulty’ (133b4-134e8), is likely to have strongly contributed not only to the Stoics’ rejection of forms, but also – and above all – to their doctrine of genera, which represents the core of their metaphysics. This has a specific pay-off, for in this case the Stoics [...]
Find out moreParmenide e il cavallo di Ibico: l'immagine dell'eros senile per la dialettica (Parm. 136e-137c) Sulla caratterizzazione di Parmenide si concentra da sempre l'attenzione degli esegeti: chi postula un'evoluzione nel pensiero di Platone scorge in Parmenide il portavoce dell'autore che sottopone a drastica revisione la dottrina delle idee; chi invece crede nella presenza di un sistema filosofico coerente attraverso il corpus dei dialoghi ritiene al contrario che Platone intenda prendere le distanze da Parmenide, suggerendo al destinatario uno iato profondo tra la propria voce e la voce del suo personaggio. L'interpretazione del Parmenide trova quindi il suo perno nella caratterizzazione di Parmenide, nella quale la critica tenta di scorgere indizi in questa o quella direzione. Altro nodo da sciogliere è poi il rapporto tra le due parti del dialogo: l'esame dell'ipotesi delle idee condotto con Socrate (128e5-136e4), e l'esempio di gymnasia condotto con Aristotele il giovane, l'esercizio dialettico di cui, a [...]
Find out moreOn coming to be older and younger than yourself at the same time (Parmenides 141a6-d3) At Parmenides 141a6-b2, we find an argument whose striking conclusion is that “that which comes to be older than itself comes to be, at the same time, younger than itself”[1] (Τὸ πρεσβύτερον […] ἑαυτοῦ γιγνόμενον καὶ νεώτερον ἑαυτοῦ ἅμα γίγνεται; 141b1-2). Since young Aristotle seems puzzled by this conclusion, Parmenides provides a second argument that runs from 141b3 to d3.[2] However, it is not clear how these arguments are supposed to work. One half of the conclusion seems unproblematic since whatever is in time is always coming to be older than itself. But the second half is not –why would anything also and at the same time come to be younger than itself? Moreover, this part of the conclusion does not seem to follow from the arguments’ premises. So, one wonders what kind of [...]
Find out moreUna mereologia nel Parmenide di Platone? Introduzione Platone, esplorando se l’uno è o non è, offre nel Parmenide una teoria mereologica coerente: il tutto è più che la somma delle sue parti perché, come holon, il tutto dà luogo alle parti, e non viceversa, cioè, non sono le parti a generare il tutto. Questa teoria, però, non viene utilizzata in modo consistente durante il dialogo. Argomento 2.1. Il testo. Nella seconda parte del dialogo, la discussione passa dal considerare se l’uno è uno alla considerazione se l’uno semplicemente è[1]. Ora, l’uno ch’è (ἓν ὂν) risulta essere un tutto (ὅλον); da questo viene che sia l’uno, sia l’essere (τό τε ἓν καὶ τὸ εἶναι), sono parti (μόρια)[2]. In questa ricerca si conclude che l’uno avrà sempre l’essere, e l’essere, a sua volta, l’uno. Pertanto, paradosalmente, l’uno essendo una molteplicità non sarà mai[3]. 2.2. Conseguenze mereologiche. Il vocabolario utilizzato da [...]
Find out moreA Valuable Nugget in Deduction 5 In Deduction 5 (If the one is not, what follows for the one?), Parmenides constructs a curious argument to show that if the one is not, then it has being--in fact, that it has to have being in order to not be. Conversely, that which is, must partake of not-being in order to be. The argument itself, and the response I will propose, point to a series of conclusions about a) the nature of a thought or spoken logos, b) an (overrated) strategy for responding to the paradoxes of Parmenides Part II, and c) the limits of paradox resolution in addressing philosophical issues raised by Parmenides’ arguments. First, the argument (162a2-b3): If the one <or anything else that is not> is not not-real, but somehow ceases from being with respect to not-being, then it will immediately be (a2-3)--i.e., whatever is not <including the one [...]
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